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DePIN Explained: How Blockchain is Transforming Real-World Infrastructure

Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks, or DePIN, represent a new paradigm in how we build and operate real-world infrastructure.

In simple terms, a DePIN is a network of people and hardware that uses blockchain technology and crypto token rewards to coordinate and deliver physical services​.

Unlike traditional infrastructure (like cell towers, power grids, or data centers) that large corporations or governments build and control, communities of users develop, own, and run DePINs. This community-driven model uses blockchain transparency and token incentives to motivate anyone to contribute to networks that connect the digital and physical worlds.

What is DePIN and How Does It Work?

At its core, DePIN is about connecting physical infrastructure with decentralized networks. It works by allowing individuals to deploy real, physical hardware – such as wireless hotspots, sensors, servers, or other devices – and receive crypto tokens as a reward for providing useful services to the network​. The blockchain serves as the public ledger and coordination layer. It records all contributions and usage of the service, handles token transactions, and enforces the rules (often through smart contracts) that keep the network running fairly and transparently​.

Key components of a DePIN include:

• Community-Run Hardware: Participants (often everyday people or small businesses) deploy physical nodes like antennas, routers, or sensors. Each node provides a service (e.g. network coverage, storage space, sensor data) to users.

• Blockchain Coordination: A blockchain network keeps a tamper-proof record of all service activity and contributions. This decentralized ledger acts as a neutral manager, tracking which node provided what service and when​. Because the records are public and verifiable, participants can trust the system without a central authority.

• Token Incentives: The network’s native crypto tokens align everyone’s incentives. Contributors earn tokens as rewards for providing services (like hosting a hotspot or sharing spare computing power)​. Users of the service might pay in tokens or spend tokens (or associated credits) to access the infrastructure. Tokens can also confer governance rights, letting the community vote on upgrades or policies.

• Decentralized Coordination: Decisions and growth happen from the bottom up. There is no single company controlling the network; instead, open participation means anyone who meets the basic requirements (e.g. buying a device and following the protocol) can join and contribute​. This broad participation makes the network more resilient and often more geographically widespread than centrally planned systems.

DePIN in Real-World Applications

In practice, a DePIN functions like a peer-to-peer economy. It applies this model to infrastructure.

Imagine a “people-powered” wireless network. Individuals install wireless hotspots in their homes or offices. These devices work together. They form a crowd-sourced network. Nearby users can connect to this network for internet or IoT data.

The blockchain records each data delivery from a hotspot. It automatically rewards the owner with tokens. These tokens compensate for providing coverage.

The result is a public network. It is built and maintained by its users. This differs from networks created by telecom giants.

This approach makes infrastructure more accessible. It also makes it more efficient and resilient. There is no single point of failure. The network grows where people find it useful.

Why is this important?

DePINs have the potential to democratize infrastructure the way Bitcoin and DeFi are democratizing finance. They reduce reliance on monopolies or big intermediaries by empowering communities to fill service gaps themselves. By rewarding participants with tokens, DePINs bootstrap growth – the more people join and contribute, the stronger the network becomes, which in turn attracts more users in a virtuous cycle​.

They also encourage innovation and local solutions: instead of one-size-fits-all infrastructure, different regions or groups can deploy what they need, when they need it, without waiting for corporate investment or government programs​. In the next sections, we’ll explore how DePIN principles are being applied across various sectors – from telecom and energy to mobility and mapping – with real-world projects leading the way.

1. Telecom and Wireless Networks

One of the most prominent use cases for DePIN is in telecommunications, especially wireless internet and IoT connectivity. Traditional wireless networks (like cellular data or WiFi hotspots) are provided by big telecom companies that build towers and infrastructure. DePIN projects are turning this model on its head by crowdsourcing coverage from the ground up. Participants can set up small wireless nodes in their homes or businesses, creating a decentralized communication network that anyone nearby can use​. By contributing bandwidth and coverage, these participants earn token rewards, effectively becoming mini service providers themselves.

Helium – The People-Powered Wireless Network

A leading example in this space is the Helium Network. Helium allows individuals to host low-cost wireless hotspots that provide connectivity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices (and more recently, for cellular data as well). In return, hotspot hosts earn Helium’s native cryptocurrency, HNT. This model has led to the rapid growth of a truly people-powered network. In fact, Helium became the world’s largest decentralized wireless network, with over 375,000 active hotspots deployed by everyday users around the globe​. Each hotspot acts like a mini cell tower or WiFi router, and together they form a blanket of coverage for sensors, smart devices, and even phones in some areas.

Helium started with IoT (using a protocol called LoRaWAN for long-range, low-power connectivity) and achieved massive coverage for devices like environmental sensors, smart trackers, and other IoT gadgets. By 2022, community members had installed hundreds of thousands of Helium hotspots, far outpacing what a single company could have achieved in coverage. This distributed model democratizes access to wireless networks, because anyone can join and expand the network​.

Real-World Impact

It’s not just about tech hobbyists; Helium’s network has been used to foster innovation in smart cities, agriculture, and logistics – for instance, connecting soil moisture sensors on farms or tracking packages in transit via community coverage​ Helium has since expanded into 5G cellular coverage by enabling citizens to deploy 5G small-cell hotspots that reward them in the same way. This could supplement traditional mobile networks, especially in underserved areas. The real-world impact of Helium is significant: it lowered the barrier to entry for running telecom infrastructure, unleashed global coverage for IoT startups, and even attracted telecom partnerships.

For example, in 2023 Helium partnered with Telefónica (Movistar) in Mexico to allow millions of subscribers to offload mobile data onto the user-run Helium network​. Such collaborations show that traditional carriers are paying attention to the DePIN approach. By crowdsourcing infrastructure deployment, networks like Helium can reach places and use-cases that big providers might overlook, while cutting costs. In short, telecom DePIN projects like Helium are proving that a wireless network can be built by the people, for the people, with blockchain keeping it all running fairly and transparently.

2. Energy and Power Grids

The energy sector is another area ripe for decentralization. Think of the traditional electric grid: power is generated by large plants and distributed by utility companies over centralized networks. What if communities could instead build decentralized energy networks that share power peer-to-peer? DePIN in energy aims to do just that – enabling local renewable energy production, storage, and trading coordinated by blockchain.

In a DePIN energy network, households or businesses with solar panels or wind turbines can feed excess power into a local microgrid. Neighbors who need energy can buy it directly from those with excess, using smart contracts to settle payments in tokens. Blockchain can manage this marketplace of electrons, optimizing supply and demand in real-time and keeping an immutable record of energy transactions. This concept leads to more resilient local grids and incentivizes more people to install renewables since they can earn by selling power. Imagine a neighborhood battery that stores community solar power and sells it during peak demand – all governed by decentralized protocols. It’s a vision of a greener, more efficient grid where energy is democratized.

Power Ledger – Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading

 A pioneering project in this realm is Power Ledger. Power Ledger is a blockchain-based platform that enables households and businesses to buy and sell renewable energy directly with each other, rather than solely relying on utility companies. In other words, it creates a peer-to-peer energy marketplace on the blockchain. Participants with solar panels, for example, can automatically sell their surplus power to others in their community, and all these trades are tracked on a transparent ledger. This decentralized trading optimizes the grid by using local energy where it’s produced, reducing transmission losses and reliance on big power plants. It also incentivizes renewable energy generation – people are more likely to invest in solar or wind if they can earn by selling excess power​.

Real-World Impact

Power Ledger’s platform has been tested in multiple countries through pilot projects and partnerships. For instance, in Australia (where the project originated), it facilitated trials where neighbors exchanged solar power. According to a Forbes report, Power Ledger’s approach gained significant traction globally with projects from Europe to Asia, demonstrating the real-world feasibility of decentralized energy markets​. The platform’s native token, POWR, underpins the economy by providing access and rewards within these energy networks. The real-world impact is promising: communities using Power Ledger or similar systems can lower their electricity bills and carbon footprint simultaneously. By cutting out middlemen and allowing anyone to become an energy provider, DePIN energy projects could lead to more resilient microgrids and accelerate the shift to renewable power sources.

Beyond Power Ledger, there are other notable moves in energy DePIN. The Energy Web project, for example, provides an open-source blockchain tailored for energy companies and grid operators to manage decentralized assets and carbon credits. And earlier experiments like the Brooklyn Microgrid showed that even a small community could trade energy via blockchain. The overall trend is clear – decentralizing power infrastructure can make the grid more efficient and sustainable by crowdsourcing energy production and distribution. In the future, your electric car or home battery might routinely trade power with your neighbors through DePIN protocols, making blackouts rarer and communities more self-sufficient.

3. Mobility and Transportation

Mobility isn’t just about moving people; it’s also about the data generated by vehicles and transit systems. Today’s cars are essentially computers on wheels, loaded with sensors and constantly connected. Traditionally, the valuable data they produce (on performance, routes, traffic, etc.) is siloed by automakers or tech companies. DePIN projects in mobility aim to decentralize that paradigm – giving drivers control of their vehicle data, creating open networks for sharing transportation information, and even decentralizing services like ridesharing or charging stations.

Imagine a world where your car’s data – from GPS routes to engine health – is owned by you and can be shared (or sold) to benefit the community or access better services. For instance, if many drivers share live traffic data, they could collectively build a decentralized navigation map that competes with Google’s, but owned by the users. Or consider a network where owners of electric vehicle chargers make them available to others and earn tokenized payments automatically. By harnessing the power of crowdsourced data and infrastructure, mobility DePIN projects can improve transportation systems and spawn new services.

DIMO – Decentralized Vehicle Data Platform

A leading example in this sector is DIMO, an open connected-vehicle network that puts car owners in the driver’s seat of their own data. DIMO allows users to connect their cars (often via a small hardware device or a direct software connection) to the DIMO network. Once connected, the vehicle’s data – such as mileage, diagnostic codes, battery health, location, and driving behavior – is collected in a user-controlled app. Car owners retain ownership of this data but can choose to share it with an ecosystem of developers and service providers for mutual benefit​. For example, a driver could share certain car data to get personalized insurance discounts (safe driving can be proven), or share maintenance data to get predictive repair alerts and better offers from mechanics. All the while, the DIMO network rewards participants with its native token for contributing their data to the community.

DIMO essentially turns vehicles into part of a decentralized network, where each car is a node contributing useful information. This information can power all sorts of mobility applications – from smarter city traffic management to community-built maps of EV charging stations, and beyond. By giving drivers an incentive (tokens) and control, DIMO flips the script on automotive data monopolies. As the project describes, it “puts car owners in the digital driver’s seat, giving data back to drivers and helping them earn rewards”​.

Real-World Impact

The real-world impact of DIMO and similar projects is beginning to show. Thousands of drivers have already connected their vehicles, contributing to a growing pool of open automotive data. Some are seeing tangible benefits like improved vehicle health insights (helping them maintain their cars better) and access to new services built on the data they provide.

It’s early days, but we can already envision future scenarios. In these scenarios, decentralized rideshare cooperatives match drivers and riders through a protocol, rather than a company that takes big fees. Communities may also run networks of autonomous vehicles, collectively owning both the data and the vehicles.

Mobility DePIN is about making transportation networks more user-centric and innovative – when the people who operate the vehicles also own the network, they can drive (pun intended) the services that best meet their needs.

4. Data Storage and Compute

In the digital realm, storage and computing power are critical infrastructure. We typically rely on centralized cloud providers (Amazon, Google, Microsoft, etc.) to host our data and run heavy computations. DePIN projects in this area seek to decentralize the cloud by leveraging the unused storage and compute capacity spread across thousands of devices worldwide. The idea is to create networks where anyone with spare hard drive space or CPU/GPU power can contribute it to a common pool and earn tokens, while users who need those resources can rent them – all mediated by blockchain marketplaces and smart contracts for security.

Filecoin – Decentralized Cloud Storage

One of the most successful examples is Filecoin, which has established itself as the DePIN of data storage​. Filecoin is a peer-to-peer network that lets people rent out their unused disk space to store files for others, in exchange for FIL tokens. It’s built on top of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protocol, meaning files are distributed and retrieved by their content (not by a central server address), making the system robust and censorship-resistant​. Since its mainnet launch in 2020, Filecoin has grown dramatically. The network now consists of thousands of storage providers worldwide, contributing exabytes of storage capacity to the decentralized cloud​. To put that in perspective, an exabyte is a billion gigabytes – so Filecoin’s network can store massive datasets, from personal backups to large archives or even NFT metadata.

Real-World Impact

What’s impressive is that Filecoin has achieved enterprise-scale storage without a central data center. As of 2024, over 3,000 provider systems were part of the network, offering around 7–8 exabytes of capacity, with more than 2 exabytes of real data stored on the network​. This makes Filecoin one of the largest decentralized storage networks ever, and it reportedly accounts for the vast majority of data stored across all decentralized storage projects​. Users can store data on Filecoin often at lower costs than commercial cloud storage, and with built-in redundancy across many nodes. The blockchain verifies that storage providers actually keep the files (using cryptographic proofs) and automatically handles payments via smart contracts​. Filecoin’s token incentive model has bootstrapped a global storage marketplace that runs in a trustless way – clients don’t need to trust any single server, only the math of the protocol.

Other Storage Projects

Beyond Filecoin, there are other DePIN projects in storage and compute worth mentioning. For storage, projects like Storj and Sia also allow decentralized file hosting, each with their own token economics. For compute, networks like Golem and Akash enable contributors to offer processing power (for tasks like rendering graphics, scientific calculations, or hosting servers) to those who need it, with jobs scheduled and paid via blockchain. Another notable project is Render Network (RNDR), which focuses on GPU rendering power – 3D artists can get their scenes rendered by distributed GPU owners who earn tokens for the work.

All these efforts point to a future where the cloud is not in one place, but everywhere – a fog of devices contributing to a collective super-computer or data center. The real-world impact of decentralized storage and compute includes greater resilience (no single point of failure), often better privacy (your data is encrypted and split across many hosts), and potentially lower costs due to competition and use of otherwise idle resources. It’s a shift from renting from big tech to renting from your fellow netizens, enabled by crypto-economic incentives.

5. Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring our environment – air quality, weather, water pollution, climate data – is typically done by government agencies or specialized companies deploying sensors. DePIN is revolutionizing this field by crowdsourcing environmental data through citizen-owned sensors and rewarding participants for contributing. This approach can create hyper-local, real-time maps of environmental conditions that are more granular and widespread than traditional systems. By putting sensors in the hands of many and linking them via blockchain, data can be collected and shared openly, and contributors are incentivized to maintain and deploy sensors in more places.

PlanetWatch – Community Air Quality Sensors

 A notable project in environmental monitoring was PlanetWatch. PlanetWatch built a global network of air quality sensors, aiming to track pollution in real time in cities and neighborhoods. It was originally built on the Algorand blockchain, where data from each sensor would be uploaded and stored immutably, and sensor owners would receive Planet token rewards for contributing data​. The beauty of PlanetWatch’s model is that it engaged ordinary citizens in an effort that was once the realm of government environmental agencies. For example, in 2021 the city of Miami partnered with PlanetWatch to deploy a dense network of air quality sensors across the city​. These sensors, placed on lampposts and in residents’ homes, continuously measured pollutants. The data was recorded on the blockchain to ensure it couldn’t be tampered with, providing a trustworthy source of information on which areas had clean air and which had issues​.

Residents who agreed to host a sensor were rewarded with tokens for their contribution, creating a win-win: the city gets better coverage of environmental data, and citizens earn for helping their community​. This decentralized approach can vastly improve environmental monitoring – instead of a few expensive monitoring stations, you could have hundreds of low-cost sensors covering every block. The data can feed into environmental research, city policy decisions, and public awareness about pollution and climate.

Real-World Impact

PlanetWatch demonstrated real-world impact by filling data gaps; for instance, pinpointing pollution hotspots in urban areas that were previously unmonitored. The project has since evolved (merging into a broader initiative called Ambient, which plans to track not just air quality but also noise and light pollution as a decentralized network​). The legacy of PlanetWatch shows how DePIN can empower citizens as environmental stewards, generating open data for the public good.

Beyond air quality, similar community-driven networks are emerging for weather data (such as WeatherXM, where individuals deploy weather stations and earn tokens for capturing local climate data) and earthquake or radiation monitoring. By decentralizing the collection of environmental metrics, these DePIN projects make the data more resilient (no single sensor failure will leave an area blind) and often more accessible to the public. They also raise awareness – when you run a sensor that earns rewards, you become more engaged with the environmental metric you’re measuring. In the future, we may see global sensor webs for everything from rainfall to soil quality, all powered by people and blockchain.

6. Sensor Networks and IoT

Sensor networks form the connective tissue between the physical world and digital insights. The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions billions of devices – from smart thermostats to delivery trackers – all connected and sharing data. A challenge has been how to connect all these devices cheaply, securely, and at scale. Traditional IoT connectivity often relies on central cloud servers and established network operators. DePIN projects are creating decentralized IoT networks that crowdsource connectivity and data validation, making IoT more open and globally accessible.

We touched on IoT in the context of Helium’s wireless network (which primarily served IoT sensors via LoRaWAN). But another innovative approach comes from using devices we already carry: smartphones.

Nodle – A Global IoT Connectivity Network

One project, Nodle, leverages the Bluetooth radio in millions of smartphones to create a global IoT connectivity network. Here’s how it works: People install the Nodle app (or it’s embedded in partner apps) on their phones. When their phone comes within range of a compatible IoT sensor or Bluetooth tag, it securely relays data from that device to the internet, using the phone’s data connection. The phone owner doesn’t have to do anything actively – just by moving around with the app, they become a node in the network. In exchange, they earn Nodle’s cryptocurrency (NODL) for providing connectivity and carrying data packets for IoT devices. This is essentially a “crowdsourced wireless” IoT network riding on existing phones.

The scale of Nodle’s network is already impressive: it reportedly has over 5 million smartphones participating daily, detecting around 30 million IoT devices each day across 100+ countries​. This means Nodle can pick up signals from lost item trackers, smart city sensors, or wearables wherever its users go, creating a truly global sensor network without needing new dedicated infrastructure. Anyone with a smartphone can join and get rewarded for helping connect smart devices via Bluetooth​. The blockchain in Nodle’s system handles the “Proof of Connectivity” – ensuring that those who actually helped transmit data get the tokens, and keeping an accounting of the network’s activity​.

Real-World Impact

The real-world impact of such IoT DePIN networks is significant for scaling IoT solutions. For IoT device makers, it provides a low-cost way to get connectivity everywhere (no need for cellular modules in every sensor – a simple Bluetooth chip might suffice if Nodle coverage is around).

It also enhances tracking and telemetry use cases: for example, a package with a Bluetooth tag can be tracked through the city as Nodle-enabled phones pass by. Another project called XYO Network similarly uses small devices and cell phones to build a crowdsourced location verification system, rewarding participants for reporting location data of IoT tags.

The Future of Decentralized IoT

There’s also HiveMapper (covered next in mapping) which in a sense is an IoT sensor network of dashcam devices collecting visual data. All these illustrate the power of decentralizing IoT – instead of one company deploying thousands of sensors or gateways, you incentivize the public to host or carry them, achieving massive coverage and data collection. It reduces costs and single points of failure while increasing the speed of rollout for smart devices. As IoT continues to grow (toward trillions of sensors in coming years), such decentralized networks could become the backbone that ties them together, much like how decentralized finance created an open backbone for money.

7. Mapping and Geolocation Services

Maps and location services have become everyday utilities. We rely on digital maps for navigation. We also use them for local search, deliveries, and more. Traditionally, mapping the world was done by major companies. This includes creating street maps, places, and imagery. Giants like Google dominated this space. They used fleets of cars and expensive equipment. DePIN is changing this landscape. It does so by crowdsourcing map data. It also crowdsources geolocation services. This approach is similar to how Wikipedia crowdsourced knowledge. The right incentives motivate individuals to participate. They can map their own communities. This includes capturing imagery and confirming locations. Some even set up hardware for positioning. Some projects explore decentralized GPS alternatives.

Hivemapper – Decentralized Street-Level Maps

A standout example is Hivemapper, which is building a global map through a network of dashcam-equipped contributors. Essentially, drivers install a specialized Hivemapper dashcam in their car. As they drive, the dashcam records street-level imagery (similar to Google Street View but constantly updating). This imagery is uploaded to the Hivemapper network, where it’s processed and added to a live map.

Contributors earn Hivemapper’s token (HONEY) based on the amount and quality of mapping data they provide. In just a short time, Hivemapper’s community has achieved remarkable coverage – by late 2024, the network had accumulated over 16 million kilometers of unique road imagery, covering about 26% of the world’s roads in dozens of countries​.

The community accomplished this feat 5× faster than Google did with Street View, thanks to the power of decentralized participation. Every day, regular people drive their daily routes with a dashcam, adding new areas to the map. A centralized project would struggle to replicate this speed and coverage.

Real-World Impact

The impact is significant. It results in a continuously updating, community-owned map. Hivemapper already offers fresher imagery in some regions. This imagery is often more current than what big maps provide. It also covers off-the-beaten-path locations. These areas were previously missing from digital maps. The data is openly available for developers through an API. This means startups and local governments can use the map. They do not have to rely on a monopolistic provider. Hivemapper ensures quality through blockchain records. It also uses reputation systems to validate contributions. Recent Map Improvement Proposals have adjusted rewards. This encourages filling gaps. It also helps keep data up-to-date. The project introduced a program for fleet operators. This includes ride-share drivers or delivery companies. They can equip their vehicles and contribute en masse. This approach accelerates coverage.

Innovative Approaches to Geolocation

Another angle of DePIN in geolocation is building decentralized positioning systems. For instance, projects like FOAM explored using community-deployed radio beacons to create an open alternative to GPS (where participants stake tokens to verify locations of points of interest). While those efforts are early-stage, they highlight the desire to democratize geolocation infrastructure. XYO, mentioned earlier, also fits here as it uses a web of devices to validate location data through crypto incentives.

The Future of Mapping with DePIN

The future of mapping and location with DePIN looks promising. We could have a world map that’s continuously refreshed by users. It would work similarly to how Waze uses driver input for traffic. However, it would be far more comprehensive. This includes imagery and GIS data collected by the crowd.

This approach can challenge the dominance of corporate map providers. It ensures that map data is always up-to-date. It also avoids being locked behind high fees or restrictive licenses, empowering local communities to put themselves on the map.

Hivemapper’s success to date shows that aligning incentives correctly works. Millions of kilometers have been mapped, and counting. This demonstrates that people are eager to contribute to a shared digital commons.

Decentralized maps could benefit various applications. These include logistics, urban planning, AR/VR, and disaster response. They provide an open, living atlas of our world. This atlas is built from the ground up.

Conclusion: The Importance and Future of DePIN

From wireless coverage to energy sharing, DePIN projects are transforming infrastructure. They also impact vehicle data and mapping the streets. These projects change how infrastructure is created and maintained.

They leverage blockchain for trust. They use tokens to provide incentives. This approach invites broad participation. People can help build the services we all rely on.

The result often creates a resilient system. It also makes the process more cost-effective and inclusive. DePIN enables communities to deploy resources where they need them most. This approach contrasts with corporations that focus on profit. Communities earn rewards for their contributions.

This shift moves toward community-owned infrastructure. It can democratize access. Examples include internet connectivity or clean energy in remote areas. It can also spark innovation through open ecosystems. Additionally, it reduces single points of failure in critical networks.

We are still in the early days of DePIN. Many projects are nascent, and challenges remain. From technical hurdles (ensuring security and reliability at scale) to economic ones (finding the right incentive balance for long-term sustainability). Additionally, regulatory landscapes will need to catch up to these novel models. For example, how might local governments react to citizen-deployed networks, or how to ensure safety and privacy in open data sharing). Despite these challenges, the momentum behind DePIN is growing. The success of early networks like Helium, Filecoin, and others has proven that decentralized infrastructure can work in the real world, not just in theory.

What’s Next for DePIN?

Looking ahead, the future of DePIN could see convergence with emerging tech trends. For instance, as smart cities develop, they might integrate DePIN networks for everything from traffic management to energy balancing. The rise of edge computing and IoT will benefit from the distributed nature of DePIN nodes. Moreover, as awareness increases, more people will realize they can be stakeholders – not just consumers – of the infrastructure around them. This will earn them a share of the value they help create. In much the same way that ride-sharing let people monetize their cars, or Airbnb their homes, DePIN lets people monetize infrastructure roles. Something like being a mini cell tower or a micro-power plant or a mapping car. This could usher in a new wave of the sharing economy, powered by crypto and blockchain.

In conclusion, DePIN embodies a powerful idea: communities can build physical networks like open-source software – collaboratively, transparently, and owned by the contributors. It bridges the physical and digital in a way that empowers individuals and communities. The importance of DePIN lies in its potential to make our infrastructure more accessible and resilient for all. As these networks expand and mature, they may very well become a foundational layer of the decentralized web3 vision. Not just connecting our computers and finance, but connecting the very roads, lights, and sensors of the world in a decentralized manner. The future of DePIN is an exciting frontier where blockchain meets bulldozers and bandwidth. And it just might change how the world works, literally on the ground.